     Thi documen i  quic referanc  o al o th standar function 
an procedure containe i th programin envirnmen Turb Pascal  The 
ar groupe b typ o operatio (eg.- Strin procedure, Fil procedures.).


    Reserved Words

   * absolute     * external       nil          * shr
     and            file           not          * string
     array          for            of             then
     begin          forward        or             to
     case           function       packed         type
     const          goto           procedure      until
     div            if             program        var
     do             in             record         while
     downto       * inline         repeat         with
     else           label          set          * xor
     end            mod          * shl

* - The asterisks indicate reserved words not defined in standard Pascal.


    Standard Identifiers

     ArcTan         Delay          Ln             Rename
     Assign         Delete         Lo             Reset
     Aux            EOF            LowVideo       Rewrite
     AuxInPtr       EOLN           Lst            Round
     AuxOutPtr      Erase          LstOutPtr      Seek
     BlockRead      Execute        Mark           Sin
     BlockWrite     Exp            MaxInt         SizeOf
     Boolean        False          Mem            Sqr
     BufLen         FilePos        MemAvail       Sqrt
     Byte           FileSize       Move           Str
     Chain          FillChar       New            Succ
     Char           Flush          NormVideo      Swap
     Chr            Fract          Odd            Text
     Close          GetMem         Ord            Trm 
     ClrEOL         GotoXY         Output         True
     ClrScr         HearPtr        Pi             Trunc
     Con            Hi             Port           UpCase
     ConInPtr       IOresult       Pos            Usr
     ConOutPtr      Input          Pred           UsrInPtr
     Concat         InsLine        Ptr            UsrOutPtr
     ConstPtr       Insert         Random         Val
     Copy           Int            Randomize      Write
     Cos            Integer        Read           Writeln
     CrtExit        Kbd            Readln
     CrtInit        KeyPressed     Real
     DelLine        Length         Release










                                                       Page 1.





          String Procedures


     Delete
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Delete( St, Pos, Num )

Delet remove  substrin containin 'Num character fro 'St startin a 
positio 'Pos'  'St i  strin variabl an bot 'Pos an 'Num ar 
intege expressions  I 'Pos i greate the 'Length S )' n character 
ar removed  I a attemp i mad t delet character beyon th en o 
th strin (i.e 'Pos  'Num exceed th lengt o th string) onl 
character withi th strin ar deleted  I 'Pos i outsid th rang 
1..255 a run time error occurs.


     Insert
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Insert( Obj, Target, Pos )

Inser insert th strin 'Obj int th strin 'Target a th positio 
'Pos'  'Obj i  strin expression 'Target i  strin variable an 
'Pos i a intege expression  I 'Pos i greate tha 'Length Targe 
)' the 'Obj i concatenate t 'Target'  I the resul i longe tha 
th maximu lengt o 'Target' the exces character wil b truncate an 
'Target wil onl contai th left-mos characters  I 'Pos i outsid 
the range 1..255, a run time error occurs.


     Str
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Str( Value, St )

Th St procedur convert th numeri valu o 'Value int  strin an 
store th resul i 'St'  'Value i  writ paramete o typ intege o 
of type real.



     Val
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Val( St, Var, Code )

Va convert th strin expressio 'St t a intege o  rea valu 
(dependin o th typ o th variabl 'Var' an store thi valu i 
'Var'  'St mus b  strin expressin  numeri valu accordin t th 
rule applyin t numeri constants  Neithe leadin o trailin space ar 
allowed  'Var mus b a Intege o  Rea variabl an 'Code mus b a 
intege variable  I n error ar detected th variabl 'Code i se t 
zer (0)  Otherwis 'Code i se t th positio o th firs characte i 
error, and the value of 'Var' is undefined.









                                                       Page 2.





          String Functions


     Copy
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Copy( St, Pos, Num )

Cop return  substrin containin 'Num character fro 'St startin a 
positio 'Pos'  'St i  strin expressio an bot 'Pos an 'Num ar 
intege expressions  I 'Pos exceed th lengt o th string th empt 
strin i returned  I a attemp i mad t ge character beyon th en 
o th strin (i.e 'Pos  'Num exceed th lengt o th string) onl 
th character withi th strin ar returned  I 'Pos i outsid th 
range 1..255, a run time error occurs.



     Concat
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Concat( St1, St2 {,StN} )

Th Conca functio return  strin whic i th concatenatio o it 
argument i th orde i whic the ar specified  Th argument ma b 
an numbe o strin expression separate b comma (St1,St . StN)  I 
the length of the result is greater than 255, a run time error occurs.  

Note Th '+ operato ca b use t obtai th sam result ofte mor 
conveniently  Conca i include onl t maintai compatibilit wit othe 
Pascal compilers.



     Length
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Length( St )

Th Lengt functio return th lengt o th strin expressio 'St' i.e 
the number of characters in 'St'.  The type of the result is integer.



     Pos
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Pos( Obj, Target )

Th Po functio scan th strin 'Target t fin th firs occuranc o 
'Obj withi 'Target'  'Obj an 'Target ar strin expressions an th 
typ o th resul i integer  Th resul i a intege denotin th 
positio withi 'Target o th firs characte o th matche pattern  Th 
positio o th firs characte i  strin i 1  I th pater i no 
found, 'Pos' returns zero (0).









                                                       Page 3.





          Operations on Files


     Assign
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Assign( FilVar, Str )

'Str i  strin expressio yieldin an lega fil name  Thi fil nam 
i assigne t th fil variabl 'FilVar' an al furthe operation o 
'FilVar wil operat o th dis fil 'Str'  Assig shoul neve b use 
on a file which is in use.



     Rewrite
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Rewrite( FilVar )

 ne dis fil o th nam assigne t th fil variabl 'FilVar i 
create an prepare fo processing an th fil pointe i se t th 
beginnin o th file i.e componen numbe zer (0)  An previousl 
existin fil wit th sam nam i erased   dis fil create b rewrit 
is initially empty, i.e. it contains no elements.



     Reset
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Reset( FilVar )

Th dis fil o th nam assigne t th fil variabl 'FilVar i prepare 
fo processing an th fil pointe i se t th beginnin o th file 
i.e componen numbe zer (0)  'FilVar mus nam a existin file 
otherwise an I/O error occurs.



     Read
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Read( FilVar, Var )

'Var denote on o mor variable o th componen typ o 'FilVar' 
separate b commas  Eac variabl i rea fro th dis file an 
followin eac rea operation th fil pointe i advance t th nex 
component.



     Write
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Write( FilVar, Var )

'Var denote on o mor variable o th componen typ o 'FilVar' 
separate b commas  Eac variabl i writte t th dis file an 
followin eac writ operation th fil pointe i advance t th nex 
component.




                                                       Page 4.





     Seek
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Seek( FilVar, n )

See move th fil pointe t th n't componen o th fil denote b 
'FilVar' 'n i a intege expression  Th positio o th firs componen 
i zer (0)  Not tha i orde t expan  fil i i possibl t see on 
component beyond the last component.  The statement

     Seek( FilVar, FileSize( FilVar) );

will place the file pointer at the end of the file.



     Flush
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Flush( FilVar )

Flus emptie th interna secto buffe o th dis fil 'FilVar' an thu 
assure tha th secto buffe i writte t th dis i an writ 
operation hav occure sinc th las dis update  Flus als insure tha 
th nex rea operatio wil actuall perfor  physica rea fro th dis 
file.  Flush should never be used on a closed file.



     Close
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Close( FilVar )

Th dis fil associate wit 'FilVar i closed an th dis director i 
updated to reflect the new status of the file.



     Erase
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Erase( FilVar )

Th dis fil associate wit 'FilVar i erased  I th fil i open i 
should be closed before Erase is performed.



     Rename
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Rename( FilVar, Str )

Th dis fil associate wit 'FilVar i rename t  ne nam give b th 
strin expressio 'Str'  Th dis director i update t sho th ne nam 
o th file an furthe operation o 'FilVar wil operat o th fil 
with the new name.  Rename should not be used on an open file.

Note  I i th programmer' responsibilit t mak sur th ne fil nam 
doe no allread exis o th disk otherwis multipl occurance o th 
file name will occur.



                                                       Page 5.





          Standard File Functions


     EOF
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: EOF( FilVar )

 Boolea functio whic return Tru i th fil pointe i positione a 
th en o th dis file i.e beyon th las componen o th file  I 
not, EOF returns False.



     FilePos
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: FilePos( FilVar )

A intege functio whic return th curren positio o th fil pointer  
The first component of a file is zero (0).



     FileSize
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: FileSize( FilVar )

A intege functio whic return th siz o th dis fil expresse a th 
numbe o component i th file  I FileSize FilVa  i zero th fil 
is empty.































                                                       Page 6.





          Standard Procedures


     ClrEol
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: ClrEol

Clear al character fro th curso positio t th en o th lin 
without moving the cursor.



     ClrScr
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: ClrScr

Clears the screen and places the cursor in the upper left-hand corner.  
Not tha som system ma als rese th video-attribute whe clearin th 
screen.



     CrtInit
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: CrtInit

Send th Termina Initializatio Strin define i th installatio 
procedure for the screen.



     CrtExit
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: CrtExit

Send th Termina Rese Strin a define i th installatio procedur fo 
the screen.



     Delay
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Delay( Time )

Th Dela procedur create  loo whic ru fo approx a man milli-
second a define b it argumen 'Time whic mus b a integer  Th 
exact delay will vary somewhat with different operating systems.



     DelLine
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: DelLine

Delete th lin containin th curso an move al th line belo th 
cursor up by one line.




                                                       Page 7.





     InsLine
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: InsLine

Insert a empt lin a th curso position  Al line belo th curso 
are moved down one line and the bottom line scrolls off the screen.



     GotoXY
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: GotoXY( Xpos, Ypos )

Move th curso t th positio o th scree specifie b th intege 
expression 'Xpos (horizonta valu o row an 'Ypos (vertica valu o 
column).  The upper left corner (home position) is ( 1, 1 ).



     LowVideo
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: LowVideo

Se th scree t th vide attribut define a 'Star o Lo Video i th 
installation procedure.



     NormVideo
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: NormVideo

Set th scree t th vide attribut define a 'Star o Norma Video i 
the installation procedure.



     Randomize
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Randomize

Initializes the random number generator with a random value.



     Move
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Move( Var1, Var2, Num )

Doe  mas cop directl i memor o  specifie numbe o bytes  'Var1 
an 'Var2 ar tw variable o an type an 'Num i a intege 
expression  Th procedur copie  bloc o 'Num bytes startin a th 
firs byt occupie b 'Var1 t th bloc startin a th firs byt 
occupied by 'Var2'.  Move automatically handles overlap situations.






                                                       Page 8.





     FillChar
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: FillChar( Var, Num, Value )

Fill  rang o memor wit  give value  'Var i  variabl o an 
type 'Num i a intege expression an 'Value i a expressio o Byt 
o Char  'Num bytes startin a th firs byt occupie b 'Var' ar 
filled with the value 'Value'.




















































                                                       Page 9.





          Arithmetic Functions


     Abs
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Abs( Num )

Return th absolut valu o 'Num'  Th argumen 'Num mus b eithe Rea 
or Integer, and the result is of the same type as the argument.



     ArcTan
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: ArcTan( Num )

Return th angle i radians whos tangen i 'Num'  Th argumen mus b 
either Real or Integer, and the result is Real.



     Cos
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Cos( Num )

Return th cosin o 'Num'  Th argumen 'Num i expresse i radians 
and its type must be either Real or Integer.  The result is of type Real.



     Exp
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Exp( Num )

Return th exponentia o 'Num t bas e  Th argumen 'Num mus b 
either Real or Integer, and the result is Real.



     Frac
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Frac( Num )

Return th fractiona par o 'Num'  Th argumen 'Num mus b eithe 
Real or Integer, and the result is Real.



     Int
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Int( Num )

Return th intege par o 'Num'  Th argumen 'Num mus b eithe Rea 
or Integer, and the result is real.






                                                       Page 10.





     Ln
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Ln( Num )

Return th natura logarith o 'Num'  Th argumen 'Num mus b eithe 
Real or Integer, and the result is Real.



     Sin
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Sin( Num )

Return th sin o 'Num'  Th argumen 'Num i expresse i radians an 
its type must be either Real or Integer.  The result is of type Real.



     Sqr
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Sqr( Num )

Return th squar o 'Num'  Th argumen mus b eithe Rea o Integer 
and the result is of the same type as the argument.



     Sqrt
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Sqrt( Num )

Return th squar roo o 'Num'  Th argumen 'Num mus b eithe Rea o 
Integer, and the result is of type Real.



























                                                       Page 11.





          Scalar Functions


     Pred
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Pred( Num )

Return th predecesso o 'Num (i i exists)  'Num i o an scala 
type.



     Succ
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Succ( Num )

Returns the successor of 'Num' (if it exists).  'Num' is of any scalar type.



     Odd
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Odd( Num )

Return boolea Tru i 'Num i a od number an Fals i 'Num i even  
'Num' must be of type Integer.


































                                                       Page 12.





          Transfer Functions


     Chr
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Chr( Num )

Return th characte wit th ordina valu give b th intege expressio 
'Num'.  Example: Chr(65) returns the character 'A'.



     Ord
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Ord( Var )

Return th ordina numbe o th valu 'Var i th se define define b 
th typ 'Var'  Ord Va  i equivalen t Integer Va )  'Var ma b 
of any scaral type, except Real, and the result is of the type Integer.



     Round
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Round( Num )

Returns the value of 'Num' rounded to the nearest integer as follows:
     if Num>=0, then Round( Num ) = Trunc( Num + 0.5 ), and
     if Num<0, then Round( Num ) = Trunc( Num - 0.5 ).
'Num' must be of type Real, and the result is of type Integer.



     Trunc
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Trunc( Num )

Return th greates intege les tha o equa t 'Num' o th smalles 
intege greate tha o equa t 'Num' i Num<0  'Num mus b o typ 
Real, and the result is of the type Integer.




















                                                       Page 13.





          Miscellaneous Standard Functions


     Hi
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Hi( I )

Th lo orde byt o th resul contain th hig orde byt o th valu 
o th intege expressio 'I'  Th hig orde byt o th resul i se t 
zero.  The type of the result is Integer.



     KeyPressed
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: KeyPressed

Return boolea Tru i  ke ha bee presse a th console an Fals i 
n ke ha bee pressed  Th resul i obtaine b callin th operatin 
system console status routine.



     Lo
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Lo( I )

Return th lo orde byt o th valu o th intege expressio 'I wit 
the high order byte forced to zero.  The type of the result is Integer.



     Random
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Random

Return  rando numbe greate tha o equa t zer an les tha one  
The type is Real.



     Random( Num )
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Random( Num )

Return  rando numbe greate tha o equa t zer an les tha 'Num'  
'Num' and the random number are both integers.



     SizeOf
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: SizeOf( Name )

Return th numbe o byte occupie i memor b th variabl o typ 
'Name'.  The result is of type Integer.




                                                       Page 14.





     Swap
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Swap( Num )

Th Swa functio exchange th hig an lo orde byte o it intege 
argument 'Num' and returns the resulting value as an integer.



     UpCase
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: UpCase( Ch )

Return th uppercas equivalen o it argumen 'Ch whic mus b o typ 
Char  I n uppercas equivalen exists th argumen i returne 
unchanged.












































                                                       Page 15.





          CP/M-80 Specific Functions


     Addr
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Addr( Name )

Return th addres i memor o th firs byt o th type variable 
procedure o functio wit th identifie 'Name'  I 'Name i a array 
i ma b subscribed an i 'Name i  record specifi field ma b 
selected.  The value returned is of type Integer.



     Bdos procedure and function
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Bdos( Func {, Param } )

Th Bdo procedur i use t invok CP/ BDO routines  'Func an 'Param 
ar intege expressions  'Func denote th numbe o th calle routin 
an i loade int th  register  'Param i optiona an denote  
paramete whic i loade int th D registe pair   cal t addres  
then invokes the BDOS.

Th Bdo functio i calle lik th procedur an return a intege resul 
which is the value returned by the BDOS in the A register.



     BdosHL function
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: BdosHL( Func {, Param } )

Thi functio i exactl lik th Bdo functio above excep tha th 
result is the value returned in the HL register pair.



     Bios Procedure and Function
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Bios( Func {, Param } )

Th Bio procedur i use t invok BIO routines 'Func an 'Param ar 
intege expressions  'Func denote th numbe o th calle routine wit 
zer (0 meanin th WBOO routine  'Param i optiona an denote  
parameter which is loaded into the BC register pair prior to the call.

Th Bio functio i calle lik th procedur an return a intege resul 
which is the value returned by the BIOS in the A register.



     BiosHL Function
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: BiosHL( Func {, Param } )

Thi functio i exactl simila t th Bio functio abov excep tha th 
result is the value returned in the HL register pair.


                                                       Page 16.





